Vol. 9, Issue 3, Part A (2025)

Riding a two‑wheeler is a prevalent mode of urban transport, offering convenience, affordability, and manoeuvrability in congested city settings. However, prolonged riding has been linked to musculoskeletal discomfort, particularly in the lower back region. Existing research among adult riders demonstrates a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and related functional limitations. Urban adults who spend extended durations commuting on motorcycles or scooters may experience sustained lumbar loading, vibration transmission, suboptimal posture, and repeated microtrauma, potentially contributing to cumulative lower back discomfort. Despite this, few studies have specifically examined the effect of prolonged two‑wheeler riding on lower back discomfort in urban adult populations, leaving a gap in targeted ergonomic and public health interventions. The objective of this research is to quantify the association between riding duration and frequency of lower back discomfort, evaluate potential mediating factors such as riding posture, seat design, and commuting conditions, and assess functional implications in daily activities. Hypotheses include:

(H1): Adults who ride two‑wheelers for more than a defined threshold of daily hours (e.g., >2 h/day) will report significantly greater lower back discomfort than those riding fewer hours;

(H2): Poor riding posture and inadequate seat ergonomics will moderate the relationship between riding duration and lower back discomfort; and

(H3): Increased lower back discomfort from prolonged riding will be associated with reduced functional ability in daily tasks.

This investigation aims to fill the gap by providing data on urban commuter riders, thereby informing ergonomic guidelines, commuting policy, and rider education.