Vol. 9, Issue 1, Part A (2025)
The impact of fabrication techniques and materials used on the surface integrity of Ceramic Dental Crowns
Zahraa A Salman, Nadia H Hasan and Aous A Abdulmajeed
Objective: The rise of digital technologies and materials advancement have introduced a range of restorations used in fixed restorative dentistry with different properties. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the micro hardness and surface roughness of four distinct ceramic materials using three different fabrication methods. Methods: Four different ceramic materials were used in this study (n=48): IPS e. Max, e. Max CAD, 3D-printed Nano ceramic, and zirconia- reinforced lithium disilicate. These materials were fabricated using three different techniques: CAD-CAM, pressing, and 3D printing. The materials investigated were artificial aged via thermocycling. Subsequently, Vicker’s micro hardness values were obtained using micro hardness tester, and the surface roughness values were evaluated using atomic force microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal Wallis test. Results: Both CAD-CAM and conventional (press) Subtractive fabrication technique exhibited the highest micro hardness values (p≤ 0.05) but the press IPS e. Max had a lowest surface roughness (p≤ 0.05) when compared to the other fabrications techniques, namely CAD CAM and 3D printing. Among the materials evaluated, ZLS demonstrated the highest micro hardness and surface roughness values (p≤ 0.05) in comparison to IPS e. Max, e.max CAD and 3D- printed Nano ceramic. Conclusion: The use of different materials and fabrication techniques can result in restorations with varying surface properties. Therefore, the clinical decision regarding the selection of a restoration type should be made with careful consideration of these differences.
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